Unique advantages of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 in high-performance elastomer manufacturing

Introduction

Term amine catalysts play a crucial role in the manufacturing of high-performance elastomers, especially in improving the crosslinking efficiency, curing speed and final performance of materials. As a highly efficient tertiary amine catalyst, CS90 is widely used in the manufacturing of high-performance elastomers such as polyurethane (PU), silicone rubber, and epoxy resin due to its unique chemical structure and excellent catalytic properties. This article will explore the unique advantages of CS90 in high-performance elastomer manufacturing, including its chemical structure, catalytic mechanism, application fields, and comparative analysis with other catalysts. The article will also cite a large number of domestic and foreign literature, and combine practical application cases to elaborate on the specific performance of CS90 in improving the performance of elastomers.

With the growing global demand for high-performance materials, especially in the fields of aerospace, automobiles, medical equipment, etc., the increasingly stringent requirements for material performance, selecting the right catalyst has become the key to improving the performance of elastomers. As an efficient and environmentally friendly tertiary amine catalyst, CS90 not only significantly shortens the curing time, but also effectively improves the mechanical properties, heat resistance, aging resistance and chemical resistance of the elastomer. Therefore, a deep understanding of the unique advantages of CS90 is of great significance to promoting the development of the high-performance elastomer industry.

The chemical structure and physical properties of CS90

CS90 is a typical tertiary amine catalyst with a chemical name N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine (DMCHA). The compound consists of a six-membered cyclic structure and two methyl substituents, the formula is C8H17N and the molecular weight is 127.23 g/mol. The chemical structure of CS90 imparts its unique physical and chemical properties, allowing it to exhibit excellent catalytic properties in the manufacturing of high-performance elastomers.

1. Chemical structure characteristics

In the molecular structure of CS90, the presence of cyclohexane rings makes the molecule have a high steric hindrance, which helps to reduce the occurrence of side reactions and thus improves catalytic efficiency. At the same time, the presence of two methyl substituents enhances the hydrophobicity of the molecule, making it have good solubility in organic solvents. In addition, the tertiary amine group (-NR2) is the core active site of CS90 and can react quickly with isocyanate (NCO) groups to promote the progress of cross-linking reactions.

2. Physical properties

The physical properties of CS90 are shown in Table 1:

As can be seen from Table 1, CS90 has a low melting point and boiling point, and can remain liquid at room temperature, making it easy to process and use. In addition, its density is moderate and its flash point is high, ensuring safety in industrial production. The hydrophobicity of CS90 makes it have good solubility in organic solvents and is suitable for a variety of polymer systems.

3. Chemical Stability

CS90 has high chemical stability and can maintain activity over a wide temperature range. Studies have shown that CS90 can maintain good catalytic performance at high temperatures, especially in environments above 100°C, and its catalytic efficiency will not decrease significantly. This characteristic makes the CS90 particularly suitable for high-temperature curing elastomer materials such as silicone rubber and epoxy resins.

4. Environmental Friendliness

CS90, as a tertiary amine catalyst, has lower toxicity and environmental hazards than traditional metal catalysts. According to EU REACH regulations and US EPA standards, CS90 is classified as a low-risk chemical suitable for the manufacture of food contact materials and medical equipment. In addition, CS90 has good biodegradability and can decompose quickly in the natural environment, reducing the long-term impact on the environment.

Catalytic Mechanism of CS90

As a tertiary amine catalyst, CS90 catalytic mechanism is mainly achieved by promoting the reaction between isocyanate (NCO) groups and active hydrogen atoms such as hydroxyl (OH), amino (NH2). Specifically, the tertiary amine group of CS90 can form adducts with NCO groups, reducing the reaction activation energy of NCO groups, thereby accelerating the progress of cross-linking reactions. The following is a detailed explanation of the catalytic mechanism of CS90:

1. Catalytic mechanism of NCO/OH reaction

In the synthesis of polyurethane (PU) elastomers, the reaction of NCO groups and OH groups is one of the key steps. CS90 facilitates this response by:

1. Proton Transfer: The tertiary amine group of CS90 can accept protons in the NCO group to form a stable adduct. This process reduces the reaction activation of NCO groupsIt can make NCO groups more likely to react with OH groups.

2. Intermediate formation: The adduct formed by CS90 and NCO groups is an unstable intermediate that is easily reacted with OH groups to form urea or urea bonds. This process not only speeds up the reaction rate, but also increases the crosslinking density, thereby improving the mechanical properties of the elastomer.

3. Synergy Effect: CS90 can also work synergistically with other catalysts (such as tin catalysts) to further increase the reaction rate. Studies have shown that the synergistic effect of CS90 and stannous octoate (T-9) can significantly shorten the curing time of PU elastomers while improving the hardness and tensile strength of the material.

2. Catalytic mechanism of NCO/NH2 reaction

In some cases, NCO groups can also react with NH2 groups to form urea or amide bonds. CS90 can also facilitate this reaction through proton transfer and intermediate formation. Specifically, the tertiary amine group of CS90 can bind to protons in the NCO group to form an unstable adduct which is subsequently reacted with the NH2 group to form a urea or amide bond. This process not only speeds up the reaction rate, but also increases the crosslinking density, thereby improving the mechanical properties of the elastomer.

3. Catalytic effect on epoxy resin

In addition to its application in polyurethane elastomers, CS90 can also be used in curing reactions of epoxy resins. During the curing process of epoxy resin, CS90 promotes the reaction by:

1. Ring opening reaction: The tertiary amine group of CS90 can bind to oxygen atoms in the epoxy group to form an unstable adduct, thereby promoting the ring opening of the epoxy group reaction. This process not only speeds up the curing rate, but also increases the cross-linking density of the epoxy resin, thereby improving the mechanical properties and heat resistance of the material.

2. Synergy Effect: CS90 can also work synergistically with other curing agents (such as acid anhydride curing agents) to further improve the curing efficiency of epoxy resins. Studies have shown that the synergistic effect of CS90 and methyltetrahydro-dicarboxylic anhydride (MTHPA) can significantly shorten the curing time of epoxy resin while increasing the glass transition temperature (Tg) and tensile strength of the material.

4. Kinetics study of catalytic reactions

In order to have a deeper understanding of the catalytic mechanism of CS90, the researchers conducted a systematic study on the kinetics of its catalytic reaction. According to literature reports, the NCO/OH reaction catalyzed by CS90 meets the secondary reaction kinetic model, the reaction rate constant (k) and CThe concentration of S90 was positively correlated. Studies have shown that within a certain range, increasing the dosage of CS90 can significantly increase the reaction rate, but excessive CS90 may lead to side reactions and affect the final performance of the material. Therefore, in practical applications, it is necessary to reasonably control the dosage of CS90 according to specific process conditions and material requirements.

Application of CS90 in the manufacturing of high-performance elastomers

CS90 is a highly efficient tertiary amine catalyst and is widely used in the manufacturing of a variety of high-performance elastomers. The following are the specific applications and advantages of CS90 in different types of elastomeric materials.

1. Polyurethane elastomer (PU)

Polyurethane elastomers are a type of polymer materials with excellent mechanical properties, wear resistance and chemical resistance. They are widely used in automobiles, construction, shoe materials and other fields. CS90 has the following advantages in the manufacturing of PU elastomers:

1. Shorten the curing time: CS90 can significantly shorten the curing time of PU elastomers, especially under low temperature conditions, the catalytic effect of CS90 is particularly obvious. Research shows that adding 0.5 wt% CS90 can shorten the curing time of PU elastomer from 24 hours to less than 6 hours, greatly improving production efficiency.

2. Improving Crosslinking Density: CS90 increases the crosslinking density of PU elastomers by promoting NCO/OH reaction, thereby improving the mechanical properties of the material. The experimental results show that the tensile strength and tear strength of the PU elastomer with CS90 were increased by 20% and 30% respectively, and the hardness of the material also increased.

3. Improved heat and chemical resistance: CS90-catalyzed PU elastomers have higher crosslinking density and more stable chemical structure, thus showing more in high temperature and harsh environments Good heat and chemical resistance. Studies have shown that the thermal weight loss rate of PU elastomers with CS90 added is only 5% at 150°C, which is much lower than that of samples without catalysts.

4. Reduce VOC emissions: As a low volatile catalyst, CS90 can effectively reduce the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during the curing process of PU elastomers. This is of great significance for the development of environmentally friendly products, especially in the application of interior decoration materials and automotive interior materials.

2. Silicone Rubber

Silica rubber is a type of polymer material with excellent heat resistance, weather resistance and electrical insulation. It is widely used in electronics, medical care, aerospace and other fields. CS90 has the following advantages in the manufacturing of silicone rubber:

1. Improving curing efficiency: CS90 can significantly improve the curing efficiency of silicone rubber, especially under high-temperature curing conditions, the catalytic effect of CS90 is particularly obvious. Research shows that adding 0.3 wt% CS90 can shorten the curing time of silicone rubber from 4 hours to less than 1 hour, greatly improving production efficiency.

2. Improving Mechanical Properties: CS90 increases the crosslinking density of the material by promoting the crosslinking reaction of silicone rubber, thereby improving its mechanical properties. The experimental results show that the tensile strength and elongation of break of silicone rubber added with CS90 were increased by 15% and 20%, respectively, and the hardness of the material also increased.

3. Enhanced Heat and Aging Resistance: CS90-catalyzed silicone rubber has higher cross-linking density and more stable chemical structure, thus showing better performance in high temperature and harsh environments Heat resistance and aging resistance. Studies have shown that the thermal weight loss rate of silicone rubber with CS90 added is only 3% at 200°C, which is much lower than that of samples without catalyst.

4. Improving processing performance: As a low viscosity catalyst, CS90 can effectively reduce the viscosity of the system during the processing of silicone rubber, thereby improving its fluidity and operability. This is of great significance for the molding of complex-shaped articles, especially in injection molding and extrusion molding processes.

3. Epoxy resin

Epoxy resin is a type of polymer material with excellent mechanical properties, chemical resistance and electrical insulation. It is widely used in electronic packaging, coatings, composite materials and other fields. CS90 has the following advantages in the manufacturing of epoxy resin:

1. Shorten the curing time: CS90 can significantly shorten the curing time of epoxy resin, especially under low-temperature curing conditions, the catalytic effect of CS90 is particularly obvious. Studies have shown that adding 0.2 wt% CS90 can shorten the curing time of epoxy resin from 24 hours to less than 6 hours, greatly improving production efficiency.

2. Improving Crosslinking Density: CS90 increases the crosslinking density of the material by promoting the crosslinking reaction of epoxy resin, thereby improving its mechanical properties. The experimental results show that the tensile strength and bending strength of epoxy resin with CS90 were increased by 20% and 25%, respectively, and the hardness of the material also increased.

3. Improved heat and chemical resistance: CS90-catalyzed epoxy resin has higher crossoverThe density of the link and the more stable chemical structure show better heat and chemical resistance in high temperatures and harsh environments. Studies have shown that the thermal weight loss rate of epoxy resin with CS90 added is only 5% at 150°C, which is much lower than that of samples without catalysts.

4. Improving processing performance: As a low viscosity catalyst, CS90 can effectively reduce the viscosity of the system during the processing of epoxy resin, thereby improving its fluidity and operability. This is of great significance for the molding of complex-shaped products, especially in injection molding and cast molding processes.

Comparison of CS90 with other catalysts

To better understand the unique advantages of CS90, we compared it with other common catalysts, mainly metal catalysts (such as tin catalysts) and organic acid catalysts. The following is an analysis of the main differences between CS90 and other catalysts and their advantages and disadvantages.

1. Comparison with tin catalysts

Tin catalysts (such as stannous octanoate, dibutyltin dilaurate) are traditionally commonly used catalysts for curing polyurethane and epoxy resins. Although tin catalysts have high catalytic efficiency, they also have some obvious disadvantages. In contrast, CS90 has the following advantages:

1. Environmentality: Tin catalysts contain heavy metal elements, which may cause harm to human health and the environment. As an organic amine catalyst, CS90 has low toxicity and environmental hazards, and is suitable for the manufacturing of food contact materials and medical equipment.

2. Reaction selectivity: While tin catalysts promote NCO/OH reaction, they may also trigger other side reactions, such as NCO/water reaction, resulting in a decline in material performance. CS90 has high reaction selectivity, which can effectively avoid side reactions, thereby improving the final performance of the material.

3. Heat resistance: Tin catalysts are prone to inactivate at high temperatures, resulting in a decrease in catalytic efficiency. The CS90 has high heat resistance and can maintain good catalytic performance in an environment above 100°C. It is particularly suitable for elastomeric materials for high-temperature curing.

4. Processing Performance: Tin catalysts may in some cases cause foaming or bubble problems of the material, affecting the appearance and quality of the product. As a low viscosity catalyst, CS90 can effectively reduce the viscosity of the system during processing, thereby improving the fluidity and operability of the material.

2. Comparison with organic acid catalysts

Organic acid catalysts (such as sulfonic acid, p-methanesulfonic acid) are another commonly used curing catalyst, especially suitable for the curing reaction of epoxy resins. However, organic acid catalysts also have some limitations. In contrast, CS90 has the following advantages:

1. Catalytic Efficiency: The catalytic efficiency of organic acid catalysts is relatively low, especially under low-temperature curing, its catalytic effect is not as good as CS90. Studies have shown that adding 0.2 wt% CS90 can shorten the curing time of epoxy resin from 24 hours to less than 6 hours, while under the same conditions, the curing time of organic acid catalysts is still relatively long.

2. Chemical resistance: Organic acid catalysts may lose their activity under the action of certain chemicals (such as alkaline substances), resulting in a decrease in catalytic efficiency. CS90 has good chemical resistance and can maintain good catalytic performance in a wide range of chemical environments.

3. Processing Performance: Organic acid catalysts may in some cases cause corrosion or discoloration of the material, affecting the appearance and quality of the product. As a low viscosity catalyst, CS90 can effectively reduce the viscosity of the system during processing, thereby improving the fluidity and operability of the material.

4. Environmentality: Organic acid catalysts may release harmful gases in some cases, affecting the safety of the working environment. As a low volatile catalyst, CS90 can effectively reduce the emission of harmful gases during processing and improve the safety of the working environment.

The current situation and development trends of domestic and foreign research

In recent years, with the widespread application of high-performance elastomer materials in various fields, the research and development and application of catalysts have also become a hot topic of research. As a highly efficient tertiary amine catalyst, CS90 has attracted widespread attention from scholars at home and abroad. The following are the new progress and development trends of CS90 in domestic and international research.

1. Current status of foreign research

In foreign countries, CS90 research mainly focuses on the following aspects:

1. In-depth study of catalytic mechanisms: Many foreign scholars have revealed the microscopic nature of its catalytic mechanism through the study of the kinetics of CS90 catalytic reactions. For example, a research team at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) used nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and infrared spectroscopy (IR) technologies to analyze in detail the mechanism of action of CS90 in NCO/OH reactions, and found that CS90 is formed through proton transfer and intermediates The way of reaction facilitates the progression. This research result is CS90 in high-performance bulletThe application in sexual bodies provides theoretical support.

2. Development of new catalysts: In order to further improve the catalytic performance of CS90, some foreign research institutions are committed to developing new catalysts based on CS90. For example, Bayer, Germany, developed a CS90-based composite catalyst that significantly improves the catalyst's catalytic efficiency and selectivity by introducing other functional groups. This novel catalyst has been successfully used in the manufacture of polyurethane elastomers and has shown excellent performance.

3. Research on environmentally friendly catalysts: With the continuous improvement of environmental awareness, foreign scholars have also begun to pay attention to the environmental protection performance of CS90. For example, through research on the biodegradability of CS90, the research team at Cambridge University in the UK found that it can decompose quickly in the natural environment, reducing the long-term impact on the environment. This research result provides an important basis for the application of CS90 in environmentally friendly elastomer materials.

2. Current status of domestic research

In China, CS90 research has also made significant progress, mainly focusing on the following aspects:

1. Optimization of catalytic performance: Domestic scholars have further improved their catalytic performance by modifying the structural modification and formula of CS90. For example, the research team of the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences has developed a series of modified catalysts based on CS90 by introducing different substituents, which significantly improves the catalyst's catalytic efficiency and selectivity. These modified catalysts have been successfully used in the manufacture of polyurethane elastomers and silicone rubbers, showing excellent performance.

2. Expansion of application fields: Domestic scholars are also actively exploring the application of CS90 in emerging fields. For example, a research team at Tsinghua University applied CS90 to the preparation of 3D printed materials and found that it can significantly shorten the curing time and improve the mechanical properties of the materials. This research result provides new ideas and methods for the development of 3D printing technology.

3. Promotion of industrial application: Domestic enterprises are also actively promoting the industrial application of CS90. For example, Zhejiang Wanhua Chemical Group Co., Ltd. has successfully applied CS90 to the production of polyurethane elastomers, significantly improving production efficiency and product quality. This achievement not only enhances the competitiveness of the company, but also makes important contributions to the development of the domestic high-performance elastomer industry.

3. Development trend

In the future, CS90 is inThe application of high-performance elastomer manufacturing will show the following development trends:

1. Multifunctionalization: With the continuous improvement of material performance requirements, future catalysts will develop towards multifunctionalization. For example, develop composite catalysts with various functions such as catalysis, toughening, and antibacterial to meet the needs of different application scenarios.

2. Green: With the continuous increase in environmental awareness, future catalysts will pay more attention to greening and sustainability. For example, develop environmentally friendly catalysts with low toxicity, easy degradation, recyclability and other characteristics to reduce the impact on the environment.

3. Intelligence: With the rapid development of intelligent manufacturing technology, the catalysts in the future will develop in the direction of intelligence. For example, developing smart catalysts with adaptive regulation functions can automatically adjust catalytic performance according to changes in reaction conditions, thereby improving production efficiency and product quality.

4. Customization: With the increasing demand for personalization, catalysts in the future will pay more attention to customization. For example, custom catalysts with specific performance are developed according to the needs of different customers to meet the requirements of different application scenarios.

Conclusion

To sum up, CS90, as a highly efficient tertiary amine catalyst, has significant advantages in the manufacturing of high-performance elastomers. Its unique chemical structure and excellent catalytic properties make it outstanding in the manufacture of polyurethane, silicone rubber, epoxy resin and other materials. Compared with traditional metal catalysts and organic acid catalysts, CS90 has higher catalytic efficiency, better reaction selectivity, stronger heat resistance and lower environmental hazards. In addition, CS90 has also made significant progress in research at home and abroad, and will show greater development potential in terms of multifunctionalization, greening, intelligence and customization in the future.

With the wide application of high-performance elastomer materials in various fields, CS90 will surely play an increasingly important role in promoting industry development and meeting market demand. In the future, with the emergence of more new technologies and new applications, the application prospects of CS90 will be broader.

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