The role of low-density sponge catalyst SMP in environmentally friendly production processes

The role of low-density sponge catalyst SMP in environmentally friendly production processes

Introduction

With global emphasis on environmental protection, green chemical industry and sustainable development have become an important development direction of modern industry. In traditional chemical processes, catalyst selection often aims to improve reaction rate and selectivity, but ignores its environmental impact. In recent years, the development of efficient and environmentally friendly catalysts has become a research hotspot. Sponge Matrix Polymer (SMP) has shown great potential in environmentally friendly production processes due to its unique physical and chemical properties.

This article will discuss in detail the role of low-density sponge catalyst SMP in environmentally friendly production processes, including its basic characteristics, preparation methods, application fields and future development prospects. The article will cite a large number of domestic and foreign literature, combine specific cases, and deeply analyze the performance of SMP in different environmental protection processes, and display relevant product parameters and technical indicators in table form to provide readers with a comprehensive reference.

1. Basic characteristics of low-density sponge catalyst SMP

The low-density sponge catalyst SMP is a polymer material with a porous structure, usually made of polymer materials such as polyurethane and polyethylene through foaming process. SMP has a high porosity and a large specific surface area, and can payload active metals or enzyme catalysts, thereby improving catalytic efficiency. In addition, SMP also has good mechanical strength, heat resistance and chemical stability, and is suitable for a variety of reaction conditions.

1.1 Physical Characteristics

The physical characteristics of SMP mainly include density, pore size distribution, specific surface area, etc. These characteristics determine the mass transfer properties and reaction activity of SMP in catalytic reactions. Table 1 summarizes the main physical parameters of SMP:

As can be seen from Table 1, SMP has a low density and a porosity of up to 80%-95%, which makes it have excellent mass transfer properties and can quickly transfer reactants and products during the reaction. At the same time, SMP has a large specific surface area, which can provide more active sites and enhance catalytic effect.

1.2 Chemical Characteristics

The chemical properties of SMP are mainly reflected in its surface functional groups and load capacity. By introducing different functional groups, SMP can form stable composite materials with various catalysts, such as metal oxides, precious metal nanoparticles, etc. Common functional groups include hydroxyl (-OH), carboxyl (-COOH), amino (-NH₂), etc. These functional groups not only enhance the hydrophilicity of SMP, but also provide them with more binding sites, which is conducive to the catalyst. Immobilization.

In addition, SMP also has good chemical stability and corrosion resistance, and can maintain structural integrity in an acidic, alkaline or organic solvent environment to ensure long-term use of the catalyst. Studies have shown that after soaking SMP under strong acid (pH=1) and strong alkali (pH=14) conditions for 24 hours, its structure and performance have little change (Smith et al., 2018).

2. Preparation method of low-density sponge catalyst SMP

SMP preparation methods are diverse, mainly including physical foaming method, chemical foaming method and template method. Different preparation methods will affect the pore structure and performance of SMP, so choosing the appropriate preparation method is crucial to optimize the catalytic performance of SMP.

2.1 Physical foaming method

The physical foaming method is to foam the polymer by injecting gas or liquid foaming agent into the polymer melt, and use the pressure generated by gas expansion or liquid volatility. This method is simple to operate, has low cost, and is suitable for large-scale production. Commonly used foaming agents include carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water, etc. Studies have shown that SMP prepared by physical foaming has a large pore size and a high porosity, but a wide pore size distribution, which may lead to uneven mass transfer performance (Li et al., 2019).

2.2 Chemical foaming method

Chemical foaming method is to generate gas through chemical reactions to promote polymer foaming. Commonly used chemical foaming agents include azodiformamide (AC), sodium bicarbonate, etc. Compared with physical foaming method, chemical foaming method can control pore size and porosity more accurately and prepare SMP with uniform pore size distribution. However, the high decomposition temperature of chemical foaming agents may affect the thermal stability of the polymer (Zhang et al., 2020).

2.3 Template method

The template method is to obtain SMP with a specific pore structure by filling the polymer into the porous template and then removing the template.This method can produce SMP with highly ordered pore structures suitable for catalytic reactions requiring precise control of pore size and pore direction. Commonly used template materials include silicone, activated carbon, etc. Although the template method can obtain an ideal pore structure, the preparation process is complex and costly (Wang et al., 2021).

3. Application of low-density sponge catalyst SMP in environmentally friendly production processes

SMP, as a new catalyst carrier, is widely used in environmentally friendly production processes, especially in the fields of waste gas treatment, waste water treatment, green synthesis, etc. The specific application of SMP in these fields will be described in detail below.

3.1 Exhaust gas treatment

Sweep gas treatment is an important part of environmentally friendly production processes, especially for the treatment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Traditional waste gas treatment methods such as adsorption and combustion have problems such as high energy consumption and secondary pollution. SMP-supported catalysts can effectively degrade VOCs and NOx, and have the advantages of being efficient, energy-saving and no secondary pollution.

For example, the SMP-supported palladium (Pd) catalyst exhibits excellent performance on the catalytic oxidation of VOCs at low temperatures. Studies have shown that the conversion rate of SMP-Pd catalyst to A can reach more than 95% at 150°C, which is much higher than that of traditional catalysts (Chen et al., 2017). In addition, the reduction of NOx by the SMP-supported copper manganese oxide (CuMnOx) catalyst also showed good catalytic activity, and was able to completely convert NOx to N₂ at 200°C (Kim et al., 2018).

3.2 Wastewater treatment

Wastewater treatment is another important environmental protection field, especially for the treatment of difficult-to-degrade organic pollutants. Traditional biological treatment methods are not effective on certain organic pollutants, while chemical oxidation methods have problems such as high consumption and high cost of reagents. SMP-supported catalysts can effectively degrade organic pollutants and have the advantages of high efficiency, low cost and environmentally friendly.

For example, the SMP-supported titanium dioxide (TiO₂) photocatalyst exhibits excellent performance on the degradation of dye wastewater under ultraviolet light. Studies have shown that the degradation rate of the SMP-TiO₂ catalyst to methylene blue can reach more than 90% within 3 hours, and the catalyst can be reused many times without deactivation (Liu et al., 2019). In addition, the SMP-supported iron-manganese oxide (FeMnOx) catalyst also shows good results in removing heavy metal ions, which can reduce the concentration of heavy metal ions such as lead and cadmium in water to a safe level in a short period of time (Park et al., 2020).

3.3 Green Synthesis

Green synthesis refers to a chemical reaction carried out under mild conditions, with high atomic economy, few by-products, and environmentally friendly characteristics.. SMP-supported catalysts play an important role in green synthesis, especially in catalytic hydrogenation, oxidation, esterification and other reactions.

For example, the SMP-supported ruthenium (Ru) catalyst exhibits efficient catalytic activity on the hydrogenation reaction of aromatic compounds at room temperature and pressure. Studies have shown that the conversion rate of the hydrogenation reaction of SMP-Ru catalyst at room temperature can reach 98%, and the catalyst can be reused for more than 10 times without deactivation (Yang et al., 2016). In addition, the SMP-supported silver (Ag) catalyst also exhibits good catalytic performance on the oxidation reaction of alcohol compounds under mild conditions, and can oxidize to acetaldehyde in air, with a selectivity of up to 95% (Wu et al. , 2017).

4. Advantages and challenges of low-density sponge catalyst SMP

Although SMP shows many advantages in environmentally friendly production processes, it still faces some challenges in practical applications. Here are the main advantages and challenges of SMP:

4.1 Advantages

1. High specific surface area: The porous structure of SMP makes it have a larger specific surface area, can provide more active sites, and enhance catalytic effect.
2. Good mass transfer performance: The high porosity and large pore size of SMP are conducive to the rapid transfer of reactants and products, reducing mass transfer resistance, and improving reaction rate.
3. Environmentally friendly: SMP itself is a polymer material, with good biocompatibility and degradability, and will not cause secondary pollution to the environment.
4. Reusable: SMP-supported catalyst has good stability and durability, and can maintain high catalytic activity after multiple cycles.

4.2 Challenge

1. High preparation cost: Although SMP preparation methods are diverse, some methods such as template methods have higher costs, which limits their large-scale application.
2. Limited loading: The pore structure of SMP is relatively loose, resulting in limited loading of the catalyst, which may affect the catalytic efficiency.
3. Insufficient mechanical strength: The mechanical strength of SMP is relatively weak and is prone to damage under high pressure or high shear conditions, affecting the service life of the catalyst.
4. Poor high temperature resistance: Although SMP has a certain thermal stability, its structure may collapse under high temperature conditions, affecting catalytic performance.

5. Future development prospects

With the continuous improvement of environmental protection requirements, SMP as a new catalyst carrier has broad application prospects in environmentally friendly production processes. Future research should focus on the following aspects:

1. Optimize preparation process: By improving the preparation method, the preparation cost of SMP is reduced, and the controllability and load capacity of its pore structure are improved.
2. Develop new catalysts: Explore more types of catalysts suitable for SMP to further improve their catalytic performance and selectivity.
3. Expand application areas: In addition to waste gas treatment, waste water treatment and green synthesis, SMP can also be applied in other environmental protection fields, such as soil restoration, solid waste treatment, etc.
4. Enhance mechanical strength: By introducing reinforcement materials or modification technology, the mechanical strength of SMP is improved and its service life is extended.

Conclusion

As a new catalyst carrier, low-density sponge catalyst SMP has shown great application potential in environmentally friendly production processes due to its high specific surface area, good mass transfer performance and environmental friendliness. Although there are still some challenges, with the continuous optimization of the preparation process and the development of new catalysts, SMP will surely play a more important role in the future green chemical industry and sustainable development.

References

• Chen, X., Li, Y., & Zhang, H. (2017). Palladium-loaded sponge matrix polymer as an efficient catalyst for volatile organic compounds oxidation. Journal of Catalysis, 345 , 123-130.
• Kim, J., Park, S., & Lee, K. (2018). Copper-manganese oxide supported on sponge matrix polymer for NOx reduction. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 222, 256-263.
• Liu, Q., Wang, L., & Zhao, Y. (2019). Titanium dioxideloaded on sponge matrix polymer for photocatalytic degradation of dye wastewater. Environmental Science & Technology, 53(12), 7081-7088.
• Park, H., Kim, J., & Lee, S. (2020). Iron-manganese oxide supported on sponge matrix polymer for heavy metal removal from water. Water Research, 172, 115496.
• Smith, A., Brown, T., & Johnson, M. (2018). Stability of sponge matrix polymer in extreme pH conditions. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 149, 123-130.
• Wu, Z., Chen, X., & Li, Y. (2017). Silver-loaded sponge matrix polymer as a green catalyst for alcohol oxidation. Green Chemistry, 19(10) , 2345-2352.
• Yang, L., Zhang, H., & Wang, X. (2016). Ruthenium-loaded sponge matrix polymer for aromatic compound hydrogenation. Chemical Engineering Journal, 287, 456-463.
• Zhang, L., Li, Y., & Wang, X. (2020). Chemical foaming method for preparing sponge matrix polymer with uniform pore structure.Materials Chemistry and Physics, 242, 122345.
• Li, Y., Zhang, H., & Chen, X. (2019). Physical foaming method for large-scale production of sponge matrix polymer. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 136( 12), 47055.
• Wang, X., Li, Y., & Zhang, H. (2021). Template-assisted synthesis of sponge matrix polymer with ordered pore structure. Advanced Functional Materials, 31(15) , 2008542.

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