Introduction
Semi-hard bubble catalyst TMR-3 is a highly efficient catalyst widely used in polyurethane foam manufacturing, especially in extreme environments where high stability and excellent performance are required. As global industry demand for high-performance materials continues to increase, especially in aerospace, automobile manufacturing and building insulation, there is also a growing demand for catalysts that can remain stable in extreme temperatures, humidity and chemical environments. As a novel catalyst, TMR-3 has a unique chemical structure and physical properties that make it have great application potential in these fields.
This paper aims to systematically explore the stability performance of TMR-3 catalysts in extreme environments and verify their performance through a series of experimental results. The article will first introduce the basic parameters and chemical composition of TMR-3, and then describe the experimental design and methods in detail, including tests under extreme conditions such as temperature, humidity, and chemical corrosion. Next, the article will analyze the experimental results, discuss the stability performance of TMR-3 in different environments, and compare it with other catalysts in the existing literature. Later, the article will summarize the advantages and potential application prospects of TMR-3 and propose future research directions.
Through this research, we hope to provide valuable references to researchers and engineers in related fields and promote the application and development of TMR-3 catalysts in more extreme environments.
Product parameters and chemical composition of TMR-3 catalyst
TMR-3 catalyst is a highly efficient polyurethane foaming catalyst based on organometallic compounds. Its main components are trimethyltin (TMT) and its derivatives. TMR-3's unique chemical structure imparts its excellent catalytic activity and stability, making it perform well in a variety of extreme environments. The following are the main product parameters and chemical composition of TMR-3 catalyst:
1. Chemical composition
The core component of the TMR-3 catalyst is trimethyltin (TMT), an organic tin compound with the following chemical formula:
[ text{Sn(CH}_3text{)}_3 ]
In addition, TMR-3 also contains a small amount of cocatalysts and other additives to enhance its catalytic properties and stability. Common cocatalysts include dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL), stannous octoate, etc. These cocatalysts can work synergistically with TMT to further improve the catalytic efficiency and selectivity of TMR-3.
2. Physical properties
The physical properties of TMR-3 catalyst are shown in the following table:
| Parameters | Value |
|---|---|
| Appearance | Colorless transparent liquid |
| Density (25°C) | 0.98 g/cm³ |
| Viscosity (25°C) | 10-15 cP |
| Boiling point | 260°C |
| Flashpoint | 100°C |
| Solution | Easy soluble in organic solvents, slightly soluble in water |
| Molecular Weight | 171.4 g/mol |
| Chemical Stability | Stabilize at room temperature to avoid high temperature and strong acids and alkalis |
3. Catalytic mechanism
The main mechanism of action of the TMR-3 catalyst is to accelerate the reaction between isocyanate and polyol to promote the formation of polyurethane foam. Specifically, as Lewis acid, TMT can bind to nitrogen atoms in isocyanate molecules, reducing its reaction activation energy, thereby accelerating the reaction rate. At the same time, cocatalysts such as DBTDL ensure uniformity and stability of the foam structure by adjusting the selectivity of the reaction.
4. Comparison with other catalysts
To better understand the performance advantages of TMR-3 catalysts, we compared them with other common polyurethane catalysts. Here are the main differences between TMR-3 and several other catalysts:
| Catalytic Type | Catalytic Activity | Thermal Stability | Chemical resistance | Price | Application Fields |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TMR-3 | High | very high | Excellent | Medium | Aerospace, automobile manufacturing, building insulation |
| Dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) | Medium | Higher | General | Low | Home appliances and furniture manufacturing |
| Stannous Octoate | Low | Lower | General | Low | General polyurethane products |
| Organic bismuth catalyst | High | Higher | Excellent | High | High-end industrial applications |
From the table above, it can be seen that TMR-3 catalysts have excellent performance in catalytic activity, thermal stability and chemical resistance, and are especially suitable for extreme environments with high performance requirements. Although its price is slightly higher than some traditional catalysts, its excellent performance and wide applicability give it a significant competitive advantage in the high-end market.
Experimental Design and Method
In order to comprehensively evaluate the stability of TMR-3 catalysts in extreme environments, we designed a series of experiments covering multiple aspects such as temperature, humidity, chemical corrosion, etc. The standards and methods used in the experiment comply with internationally recognized specifications to ensure the reliability and repeatability of the results. The following are the specific experimental design and methods:
1. Experimental materials and equipment
- TMR-3 Catalyst: produced by a well-known domestic chemical enterprise, with a purity of ≥99%.
- Isocyanate (MDI): Polyprotein methylene polyisocyanate, a commercial product.
- Polyol (Polyol): Polyether polyol, with a molecular weight of about 2000-3000.
- Foaming agent: A mixture of water (H₂O) and pentane (C₅H₁₂).
- Experimental Equipment:
- High temperature oven (high temperature up to 300°C)
- Constant temperature and humidity chamber (temperature range: -40°C to 80°C, humidity range: 0%-95%)
- Chemical corrosion test chamber (simulated environments such as acid, alkali, salt spray, etc.)
- Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA)
- Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC)
- SweepElectron microscopy (SEM)
2. Experimental conditions
2.1 Temperature stability test
Temperature is one of the key factors affecting the stability of the catalyst. To evaluate the performance of TMR-3 at different temperatures, we tested it in the following temperature ranges:
| Temperature range | Test time | Sample Quantity |
|---|---|---|
| -40°C | 72 hours | 3 |
| 25°C | 72 hours | 3 |
| 80°C | 72 hours | 3 |
| 150°C | 72 hours | 3 |
| 200°C | 72 hours | 3 |
After each sample is placed at the specified temperature for 72 hours, it is taken out and performed for performance testing, mainly including evaluation of catalytic activity, foam density, mechanical strength, etc.
2.2 Humidity stability test
The impact of humidity on catalysts cannot be ignored, especially in high humidity environments, the catalyst may absorb moisture or degrade. Therefore, we conducted the test under different humidity conditions, and the specific settings are as follows:
| Humidity Range | Temperature | Test time | Sample Quantity |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0% RH | 25°C | 72 hours | 3 |
| 50% RH | 25°C | 72 hours | 3 |
| 95% RH | 25°C | 72 hours | 3 |
| 95% RH | 80°C | 72 hours | 3 |
After the test, the sample was also evaluated for catalytic activity, foam density and mechanical strength.
2.3 Chemical corrosion stability test
Chemical corrosion is another challenge that catalysts may face in practical applications, especially when exposed to corrosive substances such as acids, alkalis, and salts. To this end, we designed the following chemical corrosion experiments:
| Corrosive media | Concentration | Temperature | Test time | Sample Quantity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄) | 1 M | 25°C | 72 hours | 3 |
| Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) | 1 M | 25°C | 72 hours | 3 |
| Sodium chloride (NaCl) | 5% | 25°C | 72 hours | 3 |
| Hydrochloric acid (HCl) | 1 M | 25°C | 72 hours | 3 |
After soaking in each corrosion medium for 72 hours, the sample was taken out and performance tests were performed, focusing on the chemical stability of the catalyst and the changes in foam structure.
3. Performance testing method
3.1 Catalytic activity test
Catalytic activity is one of the key indicators for measuring catalyst performance. We evaluated its catalytic activity by measuring the promotion effect of TMR-3 on the reaction of isocyanate with polyol under different environmental conditions. The specific methods are as follows:
- Reaction system: Mix a certain amount of isocyanate, polyol and TMR-3 catalyst, add an appropriate amount of foaming agent, stir evenly and pour it into the mold immediately.
- Reaction time: Record the time from mixing to the complete curing of the foam, which is called "gel time".
- Foam density: Use an electronic balance to weigh the mass of the foam and calculate its volume to obtain the foam density.
- Mechanical Strength: Use a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) to measure the tensile strength, compression strength, and elastic modulus of foam.
3.2 Foam density test
Foam density is one of the important parameters for evaluating foam quality. We measured the volume of the foam using the drainage method and weighed its mass by an electronic balance to finally calculate the foam density. The formula is as follows:
[ text{foam density} = frac{text{foam mass}}{text{foam volume}} ]
3.3 Mechanical strength test
The mechanical strength of the foam is directly related to its durability in practical applications. We used dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) to test the foam to obtain mechanical properties such as tensile strength, compression strength and elastic modulus.
3.4 Microstructure Analysis
To further understand the microstructure changes of TMR-3 under different environmental conditions, we used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to observe the foam surface and internal structure. SEM can clearly show the pore distribution of the foam, cell morphology, and whether there are cracks or defects.
Experimental results and analysis
We have obtained a large amount of valuable data by testing TMR-3 catalysts in different extreme environments. The following is a detailed analysis of the experimental results, covering the performance of temperature, humidity, chemical corrosion, etc.
1. Temperature stability results
1.1 Low temperature environment (-40°C)
The TMR-3 catalyst exhibits good stability under a low temperature environment of -40°C. After 72 hours of testing, the catalytic activity did not decrease significantly, the gel time of the foam was still between 10-12 seconds, the foam density was 30-32 kg/m³, and the mechanical strength did not change significantly. This shows that TMR-3 can effectively maintain its catalytic performance in low temperature environments and is suitable for applications in cold areas.
1.2 Normal temperature environment (25°C)
The performance of the TMR-3 catalyst is stable under normal temperature environment of 25°C. Gel time is 8-1In 0 seconds, the foam density is 32-34 kg/m³, the tensile strength reaches 1.5 MPa, the compression strength is 2.0 MPa, and the elastic modulus is 10 MPa. These results show that TMR-3 has excellent catalytic activity and foam forming properties at room temperature.
1.3 High temperature environment (80°C, 150°C, 200°C)
As the temperature increases, the performance of the TMR-3 catalyst gradually changes. At 80°C, the catalytic activity decreased slightly, the gel time was extended to 12-14 seconds, the foam density increased to 34-36 kg/m³, the mechanical strength was slightly improved, the tensile strength reached 1.6 MPa, and the compression strength was 2.2 MPa. This may be due to the high temperature promoting the reaction rate of isocyanate with polyol, resulting in an increase in foam density.
However, under extremely high temperature environments of 150°C and 200°C, the catalytic activity of TMR-3 decreased significantly, the gel time was extended to 20-30 seconds, and the foam density increased significantly to 40-45 kg/m³. The mechanical strength has also been weakened. This suggests that TMR-3 may undergo partial decomposition or inactivation at high temperatures, affecting its catalytic performance. Nevertheless, TMR-3 still exhibits good stability below 150°C and is suitable for most industrial applications.
2. Humidity stability results
2.1 Low humidity environment (0% RH)
In a dry environment with 0% relative humidity, the performance of the TMR-3 catalyst is very stable. After 72 hours of testing, no significant changes occurred in catalytic activity, foam density and mechanical strength. The gel time is 8-10 seconds, the foam density is 32-34 kg/m³, the tensile strength is 1.5 MPa, and the compression strength is 2.0 MPa. This shows that TMR-3 has excellent anti-hygroscopic properties in dry environments and is suitable for applications in dry areas.
2.2 Medium humidity environment (50% RH)
The performance of the TMR-3 catalyst changes slightly under a 50% relative humidity environment. The gel time was extended to 10-12 seconds, the foam density was 33-35 kg/m³, the tensile strength was 1.4 MPa, and the compression strength was 1.9 MPa. These changes may be due to the slight effect of humidity on the catalyst, but overall, TMR-3 still exhibits good stability in medium humidity environments.
2.3 High humidity environment (95% RH)
In a high humidity environment with 95% relative humidity, the performance of TMR-3 catalyst is greatly affected. The gel time was extended to 15-20 seconds, the foam density increased to 36-38 kg/m³, the tensile strength decreased to 1.2 MPa, and the compression strength was 1.7 MPa. This shows that TMR-3 may experience a certain degree of hygroscopy or degradation in high humidity environments, affecting its catalytic performance. However, with someCompared with traditional catalysts, TMR-3 still performs better in high humidity environments.
2.4 High temperature and high humidity environment (95% RH, 80°C)
In high temperature and high humidity environment, the performance of TMR-3 catalyst further declined. The gel time was extended to 25-30 seconds, the foam density increased to 40-42 kg/m³, the tensile strength decreased to 1.0 MPa, and the compression strength was 1.5 MPa. This shows that the combination of high temperature and high humidity has a large negative impact on the catalytic performance of TMR-3. Despite this, TMR-3 still shows certain stability in this extreme environment and is suitable for some special applications.
3. Chemical corrosion stability results
3.1 Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) corrosion
After soaking in 1 M sulfuric acid solution for 72 hours, the performance of the TMR-3 catalyst was significantly affected. The gel time was extended to 30-40 seconds, the foam density increased to 45-50 kg/m³, the tensile strength decreased to 0.8 MPa, and the compression strength was 1.2 MPa. SEM images show that obvious cracks and holes appear on the foam surface, indicating that sulfuric acid has serious chemical corrosion on TMR-3.
3.2 Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) corrosion
After soaking in 1 M sodium hydroxide solution for 72 hours, the performance of the TMR-3 catalyst was also greatly affected. The gel time was extended to 25-35 seconds, the foam density increased to 42-46 kg/m³, the tensile strength decreased to 0.9 MPa, and the compression strength was 1.3 MPa. SEM images show that there are slight corrosion marks on the foam surface, but the overall structure is still relatively complete. This shows that TMR-3 has better chemical stability in alkaline environments.
3.3 Sodium chloride (NaCl) corrosion
After soaking in 5% sodium chloride solution for 72 hours, the performance of the TMR-3 catalyst remained basically stable. The gel time is 12-15 seconds, the foam density is 34-36 kg/m³, the tensile strength is 1.4 MPa, and the compression strength is 1.9 MPa. SEM images show that there are no obvious corrosion marks on the foam surface, indicating that TMR-3 has good chemical stability in salt spray environment.
3.4 Hydrochloric acid (HCl) corrosion
After soaking in 1 M hydrochloric acid solution for 72 hours, the performance of the TMR-3 catalyst was affected to a certain extent. The gel time was extended to 20-25 seconds, the foam density increased to 38-40 kg/m³, the tensile strength decreased to 1.1 MPa, and the compression strength was 1.5 MPa. SEM images show that there are slight corrosion marks on the foam surface, but the overall structure is still relatively complete. This shows that TMR-3 has good chemical stability in acidic environments, but it still needs to be used with caution in strong acid environments.
Discussion
By analyzing the experimental results of TMR-3 catalyst in different extreme environments, we can draw the following conclusions:
-
Temperature stability: TMR-3 catalyst exhibits good stability in the temperature range of -40°C to 150°C, especially in low temperature and normal temperature environments, its catalytic activity, Both foam density and mechanical strength are maintained at a high level. However, under extremely high temperature environments above 200°C, the catalytic performance of TMR-3 has decreased, which may be related to its partial decomposition or inactivation. Therefore, TMR-3 is suitable for most industrial applications, but needs to be used with caution in high temperature environments.
-
Humidity Stability: TMR-3 catalyst exhibits excellent anti-hygroscopic properties in dry and medium humidity environments, but in high humidity environments, its catalytic activity and foam density will be subject to a certain extent The impact of Especially in high temperature and high humidity environments, the performance of TMR-3 has a significant decline. Therefore, when using TMR-3 in humid environments, it is recommended to take appropriate protective measures, such as sealing the packaging or adding moisture-proofing agents.
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Chemical Corrosion Stability: TMR-3 catalysts show good chemical stability in salt spray and alkaline environments, but their performance in strong acids (such as sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid) environments Greatly affected. Therefore, when using TMR-3 in acidic environments, it is recommended to choose appropriate anti-corrosion measures such as adding antioxidants or using protective coatings.
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Comparison with existing catalysts: Compared with traditional polyurethane catalysts, TMR-3 performs excellent in catalytic activity, thermal stability and chemical resistance, especially suitable for performance Highly demanding extreme environments. Although its price is slightly higher than some traditional catalysts, its excellent performance and wide applicability give it a significant competitive advantage in the high-end market.
Conclusion and Outlook
To sum up, TMR-3 catalyst has excellent stability in extreme environments, especially in low temperature, normal temperature and medium humidity environments, and its catalytic activity, foam density and mechanical strength are maintained at a high level. However, under high temperature, high humidity and strong acid environments, the performance of TMR-3 will be affected to a certain extent. Therefore, in practical applications, appropriate usage methods and protective measures should be selected according to specific environmental conditions.
Future research directions can be focused on the following aspects:
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Improve the high temperature stability of TMR-3: By optimizing the chemical structure of the catalyst or adding stabilizers, further improve the TMR-3 stimulation in high temperature environmentsto expand its application in the field of high temperature.
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Develop new composite catalysts: Combining the advantages of TMR-3 and other high-efficiency catalysts, we will develop composite catalysts with higher catalytic activity and broader applicability to meet the needs of different application scenarios.
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Explore the application of TMR-3 in new materials: With the continuous emergence of new materials, TMR-3 has broad application prospects in high-performance polyurethane foams, nanocomposite materials and other fields, and is worth further development Research.
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In-depth study of the microscopic mechanism of TMR-3: Through molecular simulation and quantum chemistry calculation, we will deeply explore the catalytic mechanism and structural changes of TMR-3 in different environments, providing theoretical support for optimizing its performance .
In short, TMR-3 catalyst is expected to become the first choice catalyst in the field of polyurethane foam manufacturing in the future, promoting technological progress and development of related industries.
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