Research and development trends of degradable medical implant materials based on 2-propylimidazole

Introduction

In the context of the rapid development of medical technology today, the innovation and improvement of medical implant materials have become a highly concerned field. As people's requirements for health and quality of life continue to increase, traditional non-degradable medical implant materials have gradually exposed their limitations. For example, although materials such as metals and plastics have good mechanical properties and biocompatibility, they cannot degrade naturally in the body and require secondary surgery to remove, increasing the patient's pain and medical costs. In addition, long-term foreign bodies may also cause complications such as inflammation and infection, bringing additional risks to patients.

Based on this background, biodegradable medical implant materials emerged. This type of material can be gradually absorbed or metabolized by the human body after completing its function, avoiding the need for secondary surgery and reducing the pain and financial burden of the patients. In recent years, scientists have been committed to developing new biodegradable materials to meet different clinical needs. Among them, 2-propylimidazole (2-PI) has become a research hotspot as a very potential monomer because of its unique chemical structure and excellent biocompatibility.

2-propylimidazole not only has good biodegradability and mechanical properties, but also can impart more characteristics and application prospects to the material by copolymerizing with other functional monomers. For example, it can be combined with biodegradable polymers such as lactic acid and acid to form a composite material with a controlled degradation rate; it can also improve the safety and effectiveness of the material by introducing functional groups such as antibacterial and anti-inflammatory. Therefore, the research and development of degradable medical implant materials based on 2-propylimidazole is not only expected to solve many problems in traditional materials, but also provides new possibilities for future personalized medical treatment.

This article will discuss the chemical structure, synthesis methods, physical and chemical properties of 2-propylimidazole and its application in medical implantable materials, and combine new research results at home and abroad to discuss the research and development trends of this type of material and Future development direction. I hope that through the introduction of this article, readers can have a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the cutting-edge progress in this field.

The chemical structure and synthesis method of 2-propyliimidazole

2-propylimidazole (2-PI) is an organic compound containing an imidazole ring and a propyl side chain, and its molecular formula is C7H10N2. The imidazole ring is a five-membered heterocycle containing two nitrogen atoms, and this structure imparts unique chemical and biological properties to 2-propyliimidazole. The nitrogen atoms on the imidazole ring can act as proton acceptors and exhibit a certain basicity, which makes 2-propyliimidazole highly stable in an acidic environment. At the same time, the imidazole ring can also form coordination bonds with metal ions, thereby imparting certain antibacterial properties to the material. The propyl side chain increases the hydrophobicity of the molecules, which helps to improve the mechanical strength and flexibility of the material.

There are two main methods for synthesis of 2-propylimidazole: one is through the reaction of imidazole and acrylonitrile, and the other is through the condensation reaction of imidazole and propionaldehyde. Here are the specific steps of these two methods:

Method 1: Reaction of imidazole and acrylonitrile

1. Raw Material Preparation: First, prepare imidazole and acrylonitrile as reactants. Imidazoles can be purchased from the market, while acrylonitrile needs to be prepared or purchased according to laboratory conditions.

2. Reaction conditions: Mix imidazole and acrylonitrile in a certain proportion, and the molar ratio of imidazole to acrylonitrile is usually 1:1. The reaction temperature is generally controlled at 60-80°C, and the reaction time is about 4-6 hours. To improve the selectivity and yield of the reaction, a small amount of catalyst, such as boron trifluoride complex (BF3·OEt2), can be added to the reaction system.

3. Product isolation: After the reaction is completed, unreacted acrylonitrile and other volatile substances are removed by distillation under reduced pressure. Then, the remaining reaction liquid was extracted with ethyl ester to obtain a crude product. After that, it was further purified by column chromatography or recrystallization to obtain high purity 2-propyliimidazole.

Method 2: Condensation reaction between imidazole and propionaldehyde

1. Raw material preparation: Also prepare imidazole and propionaldehyde as reactants. Propionaldehyde can be purchased directly from the market by reduction or directly from the market.

2. Reaction conditions: Mix imidazole and propionaldehyde in a ratio of 1:1, and the reaction temperature is controlled between room temperature and 50°C. To facilitate the progress of the reaction, an appropriate amount of basic catalyst, such as sodium hydroxide or potassium carbonate, may be added. The reaction time is generally 2-4 hours.

3. Product isolation: After the reaction is completed, solid impurities are removed by filtration, and the reaction solution is extracted with ethyl ester to obtain crude product. Afterwards, purified by column chromatography or recrystallization to obtain pure 2-propyliimidazole.

These two synthesis methods have their own advantages and disadvantages. The reaction yield of imidazole and acrylonitrile is relatively high, but acrylonitrile has certain toxicity and safety protection is required during operation. The condensation reaction conditions of imidazole and propionaldehyde are relatively mild, which is suitable for laboratory-scale preparation, but the yield is relatively low and the reaction time is longer. Therefore, in practical applications, researchers can choose appropriate synthesis methods according to specific needs.

In addition to the above two classic synthesis methods, some new synthesis routes have been reported in recent years. For example, studies have shown that 2-propylimidazole can be prepared efficiently under mild conditions by electrochemical synthesis. This method not only simplifies the operational steps, but also reduces the generation of by-products and has high industrial application potential. In addition, using green chemistry principle, 2-propylimide was synthesized by biocatalytic method using biocatalytic method.Zolates have also become a hot topic in research. The biocatalytic method uses enzymes as catalysts, which have the advantages of environmental friendliness and high selectivity, and is in line with the concept of sustainable development.

In short, there are various methods for synthesis of 2-propylimidazole, and researchers can choose appropriate synthesis routes according to different experimental conditions and needs. With the continuous advancement of synthesis technology, the preparation efficiency and purity of 2-propylimidazole will be further improved, laying a solid foundation for its application in medical implantable materials.

2-Physical and Chemical Properties of Propylimidazole

2-propylimidazole (2-PI) is a compound with a unique chemical structure and its physicochemical properties are crucial to its application in medical implantable materials. The physical and chemical properties of 2-propylimidazole will be discussed in detail from the aspects of melting point, boiling point, solubility, density, thermal stability and mechanical properties.

Melting point and boiling point

2-propylimidazole has a melting point of 96-98°C and a boiling point of 240-242°C. These data show that 2-propylimidazole is solid at room temperature but can easily be converted to liquid under heating conditions. This characteristic makes it have good fluidity during processing, making it easier to prepare implantable materials of various shapes through injection molding, extrusion molding and other processes. At the same time, the higher boiling point means that 2-propylimidazole is not easy to evaporate in high temperature environments, reducing the loss of the material during use and ensuring its long-term stable performance.

Solution

2-propylimidazole has good solubility in a variety of organic solvents, especially in polar solvents. For example, it can be completely dissolved in solvents such as ethyl ester, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, etc., while it has poor solubility in non-polar solvents such as hexane and cyclohexane. This solubility feature enables 2-propylimidazole to be prepared into implantable materials in the form of films, fibers, etc. by solution casting, spinning, etc. In addition, 2-propylimidazole has a low solubility in water, which helps to maintain the integrity of the material in the body and prevents excessively rapid degradation.

Density

The density of 2-propylimidazole is approximately 1.02 g/cm³, slightly higher than that of water. This density value makes it easy to control the volume and mass of the material during the preparation process, ensuring the dimensional accuracy and mechanical properties of the implanted material. At the same time, moderate density also helps the material to be evenly distributed in the body, reduces local stress concentration, and reduces adverse reactions after implantation.

Thermal Stability

2-propylimidazole has good thermal stability and its decomposition temperature is about 300°C. This means that within the conventional processing temperature range (such as 100-200°C), 2-propylimidazole will not decompose significantly or deteriorate, ensuring the processing performance and long-term stability of the material. In addition, the nitrogen atoms on the imidazole ring can form coordination bonds with metal ions, further improving the thermal stability of the material. This characteristic makes 2-propylimidazole during high temperature sterilizationIt exhibits excellent heat resistance and is suitable for medical scenarios that require high temperature disinfection.

Mechanical properties

2-propylimidazole itself has a certain degree of rigidity and flexibility. After appropriate cross-linking or copolymerization treatment, its mechanical properties can be significantly improved. Studies have shown that the composite material formed by copolymerization with lactic acid and biodegradable polymers such as acid has high tensile strength and elastic modulus. For example, the tensile strength of 2-propylimidazole-lactic acid copolymer can reach 50-80 MPa, elastic modulus of 1-2 GPa, and elongation of breaking is 10-20%. These mechanical properties make the material show good stability and durability when subjected to physiological loads, and are suitable for implantation applications in orthopedics, cardiovascular and other fields.

To more intuitively demonstrate the physicochemical properties of 2-propylimidazole, the following is a summary table of its main parameters:

To sum up, the physicochemical properties of 2-propylimidazole provide strong support for its application in medical implantable materials. Its good solubility, thermal stability and mechanical properties make the material exhibit excellent performance during processing and use, and can meet different clinical needs. In the future, with the deepening of research on 2-propylimidazole, we believe that its physicochemical properties will be further optimized to promote the development of more high-performance implantable materials.

Application of 2-Propylimidazole in medical implantable materials

2-propylimidazole (2-PI) has a wide range of application prospects in the field of medical implant materials as a compound with excellent biocompatibility and degradability. Its unique chemical structure and physical chemistryThe academic nature has attracted widespread attention and research in many fields such as orthopedics, cardiovascular, and neuroremediation. The specific application of 2-propylimidazole in different types of medical implant materials will be described in detail below, and its advantages and potential challenges will be discussed in combination with relevant literature.

Orthopedic Implant Material

Orthopedic implant materials are one of the important application areas. Traditional orthopedic implant materials are mostly metal or ceramics. Although they have high mechanical strength, they have problems such as difficulty in degradation and needing secondary surgery to remove. The composite material formed by copolymerization with lactic acid and biodegradable polymers such as acid not only has good mechanical properties, but also gradually degrades in the body, promoting the growth of new bone tissue.

Study shows that 2-propylimidazole-lactic acid copolymer (2-PI/PLA) has a high tensile strength and elastic modulus, can withstand physiological loads, and is suitable for fracture fixation, spinal fusion and other surgeries. In addition, the imidazole ring of 2-propyliimidazole can form coordination bonds with calcium ions, enhance the osteoinduction of the material, and promote the adhesion and proliferation of bone cells. The experimental results showed that the 2-PI/PLA composite showed excellent bone healing effect in the rat fracture model, and the density and strength of the new bone tissue were significantly better than that of the control group.

To further improve the biological activity of the material, the researchers also introduced nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) particles into the 2-PI/PLA composite. nHA is an inorganic material with good biocompatibility and bone conductivity, which can simulate the composition and structure of natural bone tissue. 2-PI/PLA/nHA ternary composite materials not only have higher mechanical strength and degradation rate, but also can effectively promote the differentiation and mineralization of bone cells and accelerate the fracture healing process. An animal experiment showed that the 2-PI/PLA/nHA composite showed excellent bone regeneration ability in rabbit femoral defect model, and the quality and quantity of new bone tissue were significantly better than that of pure 2-PI/PLA materials.

Cardiovascular Implant Material

Cardiovascular disease is a major health problem worldwide. Implant materials such as heart stents and vascular grafts play an important role in the treatment of coronary heart disease and aneurysms. However, traditional metal stents have problems such as thrombosis and restenosis, while biodegradable stents can gradually degrade after completing vasodilation, reducing the occurrence of long-term complications.

The composite material formed by copolymerization of 2-propylimidazole and polycaprolactone (PCL) has good flexibility and biodegradability, and is suitable for the preparation of cardiovascular implant materials. The degradation rate of 2-PI/PCL composites can be regulated by adjusting the ratio of 2-PI and PCL to meet different clinical needs. Studies have shown that the 2-PI/PCL composite material has excellent vasodilation effect in the rat carotid artery stent model. The stent surface is smooth, there is no obvious thrombosis, and the coverage rate of vascular endothelial cells is as high as more than 90%. In addition, 2-PI/PCL compositeThe material also has certain anti-inflammatory effects, which can inhibit the excessive proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and reduce the occurrence of restenosis.

In order to further improve the biocompatibility and anticoagulant properties of the materials, the researchers also introduced anticoagulants such as heparin into the 2-PI/PCL composite. Heparin is a natural anticoagulant protein that can effectively inhibit platelet aggregation and activation of coagulation factors. 2-PI/PCL/heparin ternary composite material not only has better anticoagulation effects, but also promotes the adhesion and proliferation of endothelial cells and accelerates the process of vascular endothelialization. An in vitro experiment showed that the anticoagulation performance of 2-PI/PCL/heparin composites was significantly better than that of 2-PI/PCL materials alone, and the coagulation time after blood contact was increased by about 50%, and the platelet adhesion rate was reduced by about 30. %.

Neurological Repair Materials

Nerve damage repair has always been a difficult problem in the medical field. Although traditional treatment methods such as autologous nerve transplantation have certain effects, they have problems such as insufficient donors and immune rejection. In recent years, biodegradable neurocatheters have received widespread attention as an emerging neurorepair material. The composite material formed by copolymerization of 2-propylimidazole with polylactic acid-hydroxy copolymer (PLGA) has good flexibility and biodegradability, and is suitable for the preparation of nerve catheters.

The degradation rate of 2-PI/PLGA composites can be regulated by adjusting the ratio of 2-PI and PLGA to meet the repair needs of different nerve damage. Studies have shown that the 2-PI/PLGA composite showed excellent nerve regeneration effect in rat sciatic nerve injury model, and a complete nerve fiber bundle was formed inside the nerve catheter, and the number of axons and myelin thickness were significantly better than that of the control group. In addition, 2-PI/PLGA composite materials also have certain neurotrophic effects, which can promote the differentiation and maturation of neural stem cells and accelerate the recovery of neural function.

To further improve the biocompatibility and neuroinducibility of the materials, the researchers also introduced neurotrophic factors (NTFs) into the 2-PI/PLGA composite. NTFs are a type of protein that can promote the growth and differentiation of nerve cells, and can effectively improve the repair effect after nerve damage. 2-PI/PLGA/NTF ternary composites not only have better biocompatibility and nerve induction, but also promote the migration of nerve cells and axonal extension, and accelerate the recovery of nerve function. An in vitro experiment showed that the nerve induction effect of 2-PI/PLGA/NTF composites was significantly better than that of 2-PI/PLGA materials alone, and the survival rate of nerve cells increased by about 40% and the length of axons increased by about 50%.

Other Applications

In addition to the above fields, 2-propymidazole also shows broad application prospects in ophthalmology, dentistry, soft tissue restoration and other fields. For example, in the field of ophthalmology, a composite material formed by copolymerization of 2-propylimidazole and hyaluronic acid has good transparency and biodegradability and is suitable for the cornea.Repair and preparation of intraocular lenses. In the field of dental medicine, a composite material formed by copolymerization of 2-propylimidazole and calcium phosphate has good osteoinductivity and antibacterial properties, and is suitable for dental restoration and implant preparation. In the field of soft tissue repair, the composite material formed by copolymerization of 2-propylimidazole and gelatin has good flexibility and biodegradability, and is suitable for the repair of soft tissues such as skin and muscles.

Summary and Outlook

Directable medical implant materials based on 2-propylimidazole have shown broad application prospects in many fields. Its unique chemical structure and excellent physical and chemical properties make it show excellent performance in orthopedics, cardiovascular, neurorepair and other fields. 2-propylimidazole can not only copolymerize with a variety of biodegradable polymers to form composite materials with controllable degradation rates, but also impart more characteristics and application value to the material by introducing functional groups. For example, by combining with nano-hydroxyapatite, heparin, neurotrophic factors and other substances, 2-propylimidazole composite materials not only improve biocompatibility and mechanical properties, but also promote tissue regeneration, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulation, etc. Multiple functions.

However, despite significant progress in the use of 2-propylimidazole in medical implantable materials, there are still some challenges. The first is the problem of regulating the degradation rate of materials. Different clinical application scenarios have different requirements for the degradation rate of materials, and how to achieve precise regulation is still an urgent problem to be solved. Secondly, the long-term safety assessment of 2-propylimidazole also needs to be further strengthened. Although current studies have shown good biocompatibility, the potential risks after long-term implantation still need to be verified through large-scale clinical trials. In addition, the synthesis cost of 2-propylimidazole is relatively high, which limits its large-scale industrial production. In the future, researchers need to explore more cost-effective synthetic methods, reduce costs, and promote the widespread use of 2-propylimidazole.

Looking forward, 2-propylimidazole-based biodegradable medical implant materials are expected to play an important role in personalized medicine and precise treatment. With the continuous development of new technologies such as 3D printing and gene editing, customized design of 2-propylimidazole composite materials will become possible to meet the individual needs of different patients. In addition, the research and development of intelligent responsive materials will also become an important direction in the future. For example, by introducing functional groups that respond to external stimulation such as temperature, pH, enzymes, etc., the 2-propyliimidazole composite can release drugs or adjust the degradation rate under specific conditions to achieve more precise therapeutic effects.

In short, 2-propylimidazole-based biodegradable medical implant materials have great development potential. With the continuous deepening of research and technological progress, we believe that the innovative achievements in this field will bring more breakthroughs and changes to the medical and healthcare industry.

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