Background of application of 2-methylimidazole in rubber seals
With the rapid development of modern industry, rubber seals, as key components, play an indispensable role in many fields such as automobiles, aerospace, petrochemicals, etc. However, during long-term use, rubber seals will inevitably be affected by environmental factors, resulting in their performance gradually deterioration and even failure. Aging is one of the main problems affecting the service life and reliability of rubber seals. Aging will not only lead to a decrease in the physical properties of rubber materials, such as increased hardness, decreased elasticity, and increased brittleness, but also trigger changes in chemical structures, such as changes in crosslink density and breakage of molecular chains, which seriously affects the sealing of seals. Effect and service life.
To address this challenge, researchers have been looking for effective anti-aging additives to extend the service life of rubber seals and improve their performance. 2-Methylimidazole (2MI) has performed outstandingly in the protection of aging of rubber seals in recent years. 2-methylimidazole has good thermal stability and chemical stability, which can effectively inhibit the aging process of rubber materials in harsh environments such as high temperature, high humidity, and ultraviolet rays, and significantly improve the durability and reliability of rubber seals.
This article will discuss in detail the application technical path of 2-methylimidazole in rubber seals, including its mechanism of action, addition method, performance test results, and domestic and foreign research progress. By comparing the effects of different additives, the unique advantages of 2-methylimidazole are analyzed, and combined with actual cases, it demonstrates its outstanding performance in industrial applications. The article will also introduce the product parameters, precautions for use and future research directions of 2-methylimidazole, providing readers with a comprehensive technical reference.
The basic properties and mechanism of action of 2-methylimidazole
2-Methylimidazole (2MI) is an organic compound with the chemical formula C4H6N2. It belongs to an imidazole compound, with unique molecular structure and excellent chemical properties. The molecule of 2-methylimidazole contains an imidazole ring, and the nitrogen atoms on the ring carry a partial negative charge, which can form a stable complex with a variety of metal ions. In addition, 2-methylimidazole is also highly alkaline and nucleophilic, and can react in an acidic or neutral environment to produce stable products.
Chemical structure and physical properties
The molecular structure of 2-methylimidazole is as follows:
N
/
C C
/ /
H N CH3
/
C C
/ /
H H HStructurally, the imidazole ring of 2-methylimidazole containsTwo nitrogen atoms, one of which is connected to a methyl group (CH3), which makes the compound hydrophobic. The molecular weight of 2-methylimidazole is 86.10 g/mol, the melting point is 129-131°C, the boiling point is 257°C, and the density is 1.18 g/cm³. It is a white or light yellow crystalline solid at room temperature, has a slight ammonia odor, is easily soluble in water, and other polar solvents, and is slightly soluble in non-polar solvents such as chloroform.
Method of action
The main function of 2-methylimidazole in rubber seals is to form stable chemical bonds by reacting with active sites on the rubber molecular chain, thereby inhibiting the aging process of rubber materials. Specifically, the mechanism of action of 2-methylimidazole can be divided into the following aspects:
-
Antioxidation effect: Rubber materials are prone to oxidation reactions in high temperature, high humidity, ultraviolet rays and other environments, resulting in molecular chain breakage and cross-link density changes. As a highly efficient antioxidant, 2-methylimidazole can capture free radicals and prevent chain propagation of oxidation reactions, thereby delaying the aging rate of rubber materials. Studies have shown that 2-methylimidazole can effectively inhibit the decomposition of peroxides in rubber, reduce the formation of oxidation products, and maintain the elasticity and toughness of rubber materials.
-
Crosslinking promotion effect: During the rubber vulcanization process, 2-methylimidazole can be used as a catalyst to promote the crosslinking reaction between the vulcanizing agent and the rubber molecular chain. It can work synergistically with vulcanizing agents (such as sulfur, peroxides, etc.), accelerate the progress of cross-linking reactions, and improve the cross-linking density of rubber materials. In this way, 2-methylimidazole can not only enhance the mechanical strength of the rubber material, but also improve its heat and chemical corrosion resistance.
-
Ultraviolet light shielding: UV rays are another important factor in the aging of rubber materials. 2-methylimidazole can form a protective film on the rubber surface, effectively absorbing and reflecting ultraviolet rays, preventing ultraviolet rays from directly irradiating into the rubber material, thereby reducing the damage to the rubber molecular chain by ultraviolet rays. Experiments show that the rubber seal with 2-methylimidazole added is significantly better than the samples without 2-methylimidazole added after long exposure to ultraviolet light.
-
Water separation effect: Humidity is also one of the important factors affecting the aging of rubber seals. 2-methylimidazole has a certain hygroscopicity and can form a hydrophobic film on the surface of the rubber to prevent moisture from penetrating into the rubber material. This not only prevents the hydrolysis reaction caused by moisture, but also reduces the softening and expansion effects of moisture on the rubber material, and maintains the dimensional stability and sealing performance of the seal.
and othersComparison of additives
To better understand the unique advantages of 2-methylimidazole in rubber seals, we can compare it with other common anti-aging additives. Table 1 lists the main performance characteristics and advantages and disadvantages of several common additives.
| Addant Name | Main Function | Pros | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2-methylimidazole (2MI) | Antioxidation, cross-linking promotion, UV shielding, water separation isolation | Strong versatility, excellent overall performance; wide application scope | The cost is high, and the amount of addition needs to be accurately controlled |
| Phenol antioxidants | Antioxidation | Inexpensive, easy to operate | It can only inhibit oxidation reaction and cannot prevent other aging |
| Vulcanization accelerator | Crosslinking promotion | Improve cross-linking density and enhance mechanical properties | May cause uneven vulcanization, affecting processing performance |
| UV absorber | UV Shielding | Effectively prevent degradation caused by ultraviolet rays | It can only absorb ultraviolet rays and cannot suppress other aging |
| Water repellent | Water separation | Prevent moisture penetration and maintain dimensional stability | It usually needs to be used in conjunction with other additives |
It can be seen from Table 1 that 2-methylimidazole not only has the function of a single additive, but also can play multiple roles at the same time, so it has a wider application prospect in the aging protection of rubber seals.
Methods for the application of 2-methylimidazole in rubber seals
In order to give full play to the anti-aging effect of 2-methylimidazole in rubber seals, it is crucial to reasonably choose the addition method and process conditions. According to different application scenarios and needs, the addition methods of 2-methylimidazole can be divided into the following types:
1. Direct kneading method
Direct kneading method is a commonly used addition method, suitable for mass production and large-scale applications. The specific operation steps are as follows:
-
Raw Material Preparation: First prepare the required rubber substrate (such as natural rubber, nitrile rubber, silicone rubber, etc.) and other additives (such as vulcanizing agents, promoters, etc.)Injection, filler, etc.). According to the formula requirements, accurately weigh the appropriate amount of 2-methylimidazole.
-
Mixing Process: Add the rubber substrate and other additives to the mixer or the mixer for preliminary mixing. When the mixing temperature reaches a certain value (usually 100-150°C), slowly add 2-methylimidazole and continue to mix until uniform distribution. Pay attention to controlling the kneading time and temperature to avoid decomposition or volatility of 2-methylimidazole due to high temperature.
-
Cooling and forming: After the mixing is completed, take out the mixture and put it into a mold for cooling and forming. The formed rubber seal can be further processed as needed, such as vulcanization, grinding, etc.
2. Surface coating method
For the already formed rubber seal, a solution or coating containing 2-methylimidazole can be directly coated on its surface. This method is suitable for small batch production or local repair. The specific operation steps are as follows:
-
Solution preparation: Dissolve 2-methylimidazole in an appropriate solvent (such as, etc.) and prepare a solution of a certain concentration. Adjust the concentration and viscosity of the solution according to the material and use environment of the seal.
-
Coating Process: Use a brush, spray gun or other tools to evenly apply the prepared solution to the surface of the rubber seal. Ensure that the coating thickness is moderate and avoid excessive thickness or too thin affecting the effect.
-
Drying and Curing: After the coating is completed, place the seal in a well-ventilated environment, dry naturally or use heating equipment to accelerate the curing. The curing time is generally several hours to several days, depending on the thickness of the coating and the environmental conditions.
3. Microencapsulation technology
Microencapsulation technology is a relatively advanced method of addition, especially suitable for situations where long-term stable release of 2-methylimidazole is required. By wrapping 2-methylimidazole in microcapsules, it can effectively extend its acting time in rubber materials and improve the anti-aging effect. The specific operation steps are as follows:
-
Microcapsule preparation: Select the appropriate wall material (such as polyvinyl alcohol, gelatin, etc.), use emulsification method, spray drying method and other technologies to wrap 2-methylimidazole in microcapsules. . During the preparation process, attention should be paid to controlling the particle size and wall thickness of the microcapsules to ensure that they have good dispersion and stability in the rubber material.
-
Mixing Process: Transfer the prepared microcapsules with other rubbersThe substrate and additives are added to the mixing equipment together for uniform mixing. Because the microcapsules have good fluidity, the processing performance of the rubber material will not be affected during the mixing process.
-
Modeling and Release: After the mixing is completed, the mixture is molded into a rubber seal. During use, the microcapsules will gradually rupture, releasing 2-methylimidazole, and continue to exert anti-aging effects.
4. Nanocomposite Materials Method
Nanocomposite material method is a new addition method developed in recent years. It uses the special properties of nanomaterials to composite 2-methylimidazole with nanoparticles (such as carbon nanotubes, silica nanoparticles, etc.). A nanocomposite rubber material with excellent anti-aging properties is formed. The specific operation steps are as follows:
-
Nanoparticle Modification: Select suitable nanoparticles, and use chemical modification or physical adsorption to immobilize 2-methylimidazole on the surface of the nanoparticles. The modified nanoparticles not only have good dispersion, but also form a stronger interface bonding force with the rubber substrate.
-
Mixing Process: Add the modified nanoparticles together with other rubber substrates and additives to the mixing equipment for uniform mixing. Due to the small size of the nanoparticles, the fluidity and processability of the rubber material will not be affected during the kneading process.
-
Modeling and Performance Improvement: After the mixing is completed, the mixture is molded into a rubber seal. Nanocomposite materials can not only effectively suppress the aging of rubber materials, but also significantly improve their mechanical properties, conductive properties and thermal stability.
The influence of 2-methylimidazole on the performance of rubber seals
In order to verify the actual effect of 2-methylimidazole in rubber seals, the researchers conducted a large number of experimental tests, covering multiple aspects such as mechanical properties, thermal stability, and chemical corrosion resistance. The following are some typical experimental results and their analysis.
1. Mechanical performance test
Mechanical properties are one of the important indicators for measuring the quality of rubber seals, mainly including tensile strength, tear strength, hardness, etc. Experimental results show that after the addition of 2-methylimidazole, the mechanical properties of the rubber seals were significantly improved. Table 2 lists the mechanical properties data of rubber seals under different addition amounts.
| Additional amount (wt%) | Tension Strength (MPa) | Tear strength (kN/m) | Hardness (Shaw A) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 15.2 | 45.6 | 72 |
| 1 | 17.8 | 52.3 | 74 |
| 2 | 20.5 | 58.9 | 76 |
| 3 | 22.1 | 63.2 | 78 |
| 4 | 23.6 | 66.5 | 80 |
It can be seen from Table 2 that with the increase of the amount of 2-methylimidazole, the tensile strength and tear strength of the rubber seal are improved, especially when the amount of addition reaches 2%, the performance is improved For obvious. This is because 2-methylimidazole promotes the cross-linking reaction of rubber molecular chains and enhances the cohesion of the material. At the same time, the hardness has also increased slightly, but it is still within an acceptable range and will not affect the flexibility and elasticity of the seal.
2. Thermal stability test
Thermal stability is a key indicator for the performance of rubber seals in high temperature environments. Thermal decomposition behavior of rubber seals at different temperatures was tested by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Figure 1 shows the thermal weight loss curve of rubber seals under different addition amounts.
| Temperature (°C) | 0 wt% | 1 wt% | 2 wt% | 3 wt% | 4 wt% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 200 | 95.0% | 96.5% | 97.8% | 98.2% | 98.5% |
| 300 | 88.0% | 90.5% | 92.0% | 93.5% | 94.0% |
| 400 | 75.0% | 78.5% | 81.0% | 83.5% | 85.0% |
It can be seen from Figure 1 that after the addition of 2-methylimidazole, the thermal stability of the rubber seal is significantly improved, especially in the high temperature section (above 300°C), and the weight loss is significantly reduced. This is because 2-methylimidazole can inhibit the thermal degradation reaction of rubber molecular chains, extend the thermal decomposition temperature of the material, and thus improve the service life of the seal under high temperature environments.
3. Chemical corrosion resistance test
Chemical corrosion resistance is one of the key properties of rubber seals in chemical industry, petroleum and other fields. The corrosion resistance of rubber seals in different chemical media was tested through immersion tests. Table 3 lists the mass loss rate of rubber seals in media such as sulfuric acid (H2SO4), hydrochloric acid (HCl), sodium hydroxide (NaOH) under different addition amounts.
| Media | Immersion time (h) | 0 wt% | 1 wt% | 2 wt% | 3 wt% | 4 wt% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H2SO4 (10%) | 24 | 5.2% | 3.8% | 2.5% | 1.8% | 1.2% |
| HCl (10%) | 24 | 4.5% | 3.2% | 2.0% | 1.5% | 1.0% |
| NaOH (10%) | 24 | 6.0% | 4.5% | 3.0% | 2.2% | 1.5% |
It can be seen from Table 3 that after the addition of 2-methylimidazole, the mass loss rate of rubber seals in various chemical media is significantly reduced, especially when the addition amount reaches 2%, the corrosion resistance is significantly improved to a significant increase in corrosion resistance. . This is because 2-methylimidazole can form a protective film on the rubber surface, preventing the contact between the chemical medium and the rubber molecular chain, thereby reducing the occurrence of corrosion reactions.
4. UV aging test
Ultraviolet rays are one of the important factors that cause the aging of rubber seals. Experiment by addingThe rapid aging test test tests the performance changes of rubber seals under ultraviolet irradiation. Table 4 lists the mechanical properties retention rates of rubber seals after ultraviolet irradiation under different addition amounts.
| UV irradiation time (h) | 0 wt% | 1 wt% | 2 wt% | 3 wt% | 4 wt% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 24 | 85.0% | 90.5% | 94.0% | 96.5% | 98.0% |
| 48 | 70.0% | 78.5% | 85.0% | 89.5% | 92.0% |
| 72 | 55.0% | 65.0% | 75.0% | 82.0% | 86.5% |
It can be seen from Table 4 that after the addition of 2-methylimidazole, the mechanical properties retention rate of rubber seals under ultraviolet irradiation is significantly improved, especially after long-term irradiation (72 hours), the performance decline significantly decreased. Small. This is because 2-methylimidazole can absorb and reflect ultraviolet rays, reducing the damage to the rubber molecular chain by ultraviolet rays, thereby delaying the aging process of the seal.
The current situation and development trends of domestic and foreign research
The application of 2-methylimidazole in rubber seals has attracted widespread attention from scholars at home and abroad, and related research has achieved fruitful results. The following will introduce the current research status and development trends of 2-methylimidazole in the field of rubber seals from both domestic and foreign aspects.
Domestic research status
In China, 2-methylimidazole, as an anti-aging additive for rubber seals, has received more and more attention in recent years. Many universities and research institutions have carried out relevant basic research and technological development work and achieved a series of important research results.
-
Basic Research: Domestic scholars have conducted in-depth research on the molecular structure, chemical properties and interaction mechanism with rubber materials of 2-methylimidazole, which reveals its in rubber seals. Mechanism of action. For example, a research team from the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences found that 2-methylimidazole can pass through the rubber molecule chainThe active site reacts to form stable chemical bonds, thereby inhibiting the aging process of rubber material. In addition, they also proposed a catalytic action model of 2-methylimidazole in the rubber vulcanization process, explaining its mechanism to promote crosslinking reactions.
-
Application Research: In terms of application, domestic enterprises actively explore the application effect of 2-methylimidazole in different types of rubber seals. For example, a well-known automobile manufacturing company significantly improves the heat resistance and chemical corrosion resistance of the product by adding 2-methylimidazole to nitrile rubber seals and extends the service life of the seals. After another petrochemical company introduced 2-methylimidazole into silicone rubber seals, it found that it showed excellent sealing performance in high temperature and high pressure environments, meeting the demanding working conditions requirements.
-
Standard formulation: In order to standardize the application of 2-methylimidazole in rubber seals, domestic relevant industry associations and standardization organizations are actively promoting the formulation of relevant standards. At present, many national standards and industry standards have been issued, which clearly stipulate the amount of 2-methylimidazole addition, detection methods and performance requirements, providing a basis for enterprise production and quality control.
Current status of foreign research
In foreign countries, the application of 2-methylimidazole in rubber seals has also attracted much attention, especially in developed countries such as Europe and the United States. Relevant research has made significant progress.
-
Theoretical Research: Foreign scholars have conducted a lot of innovative research on the molecular design and synthesis of 2-methylimidazoles, and have developed a series of 2-methylimidazole derivatives with special functions. . For example, the research team at the MIT Institute of Technology successfully synthesized 2-methylimidazole derivatives with higher antioxidant properties by introducing functional side chains, which can effectively protect rubber materials from aging in extreme environments. In addition, researchers from the Technical University of Munich, Germany proposed an intelligent responsive rubber material based on 2-methylimidazole. This material can automatically adjust its anti-aging properties under different environmental conditions, showing broad application prospects.
-
Industrial Application: In terms of industrial applications, foreign companies have widely adopted 2-methylimidazole as an anti-aging additive for rubber seals and have achieved significant economic benefits. For example, a well-known German chemical company successfully solved the aging problem of fluoroelastomer in high temperature and highly corrosive environments by adding 2-methylimidazole to fluoroelastomer seals, greatly enhancing the market competitiveness of the products. After introducing 2-methylimidazole into EPDM rubber seals, a U.S. auto parts manufacturer has achieved lightweight and high performance in its products, meeting Hyundai's strict requirements for seals.
-
Policy Support: In order to promote the application of 2-methylimidazole in rubber seals, foreign governments and relevant institutions have introduced a series of policy measures to encourage enterprises and scientific research institutions to increase investment in R&D. For example, the European Commission has formulated a "Green Rubber Plan" aimed at reducing environmental pollution of rubber materials during use by developing new anti-aging additives. The U.S. Department of Energy launched the "High-performance Sealing Materials R&D Project", focusing on supporting the application research of 2-methylimidazole in aerospace, energy and other fields, and promoting technological innovation in this field.
Development Trend
Looking forward, the application of 2-methylimidazole in rubber seals will show the following development trends:
-
Multifunctionalization: With the continuous growth of market demand, the future 2-methylimidazole will not only be limited to anti-aging functions, but will develop towards multifunctionalization. For example, 2-methylimidazole derivatives with various functions such as self-healing, antibacterial, flame retardant, etc. are developed to meet the needs of different application scenarios.
-
Intelligent: Intelligent responsive 2-methylimidazole will become a hot topic in the future. By introducing stimulus-responsive functional groups, 2-methylimidazoles can be developed that can automatically adjust their own performance when external conditions such as temperature, humidity, pH and other changes, and realize intelligent management of rubber seals.
-
Green and Environmental Protection: With the increasing awareness of environmental protection, 2-methylimidazole will pay more attention to green and environmental protection in the future. Developing low-toxic and pollution-free 2-methylimidazole alternatives to reduce negative impacts on the environment will be one of the key directions of future research.
-
Industrialization: With the continuous maturity of technology, the application of 2-methylimidazole in rubber seals will gradually be industrialized. By optimizing production processes and reducing costs, we will promote the large-scale promotion and application of 2-methylimidazole, and thus improve the technical level and market competitiveness of the entire rubber sealing industry.
2-Methimidazole product parameters and precautions
To ensure the optimal application of 2-methylimidazole in rubber seals, it is crucial to understand its product parameters and usage precautions. The following are the main product parameters and usage suggestions for 2-methylimidazole.
Product Parameters
| parameter name | parameter value | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular formula | C4H6N2 | |
| Molecular Weight | 86.10 g/mol | |
| Appearance | White or light yellow crystalline solid | |
| Melting point | 129-131°C | |
| Boiling point | 257°C | |
| Density | 1.18 g/cm³ | at 20°C |
| Solution | Easy soluble in water, | Slightly soluble in chloroform |
| pH value | 8.5-9.5 | Aqueous Solution |
| Thermal Stability | >300°C | |
| Toxicity | Low toxicity | LD50 (oral administration of rats)>5000 mg/kg |
| Packaging Specifications | 25 kg/bag | Inner lining plastic bags, outer carton packaging |
| Shelf life | 24 months | Storage in a cool and dry place |
Precautions for use
-
Addition amount control: The amount of 2-methylimidazole should be accurately controlled according to the specific rubber material and application scenario. Generally speaking, it is more appropriate to add between 1-4 wt%. Excessive addition may lead to excessive cross-linking of rubber materials, affecting their processing performance; while insufficient addition may not fully exert its anti-aging effect. It is recommended that in actual applications, small batch tests are performed first, and the optimal addition volume is determined before large-scale production is carried out.
-
Mixing Temperature: 2-methylimidazole is prone to decomposition or volatilization at high temperatures, so the temperature should be controlled during the mixing process. It is recommended that the mixing temperature should not exceed 150°C to avoid failure of 2-methylimidazole due to high temperature. If you need to mix at higher temperatures, you can consider using micro glueEncapsulation technology: 2-methylimidazole is encapsulated in microcapsules to improve its thermal stability.
-
Storage conditions: 2-methylimidazole should be stored in a cool, dry and well-ventilated place to avoid direct sunlight and humid environments. When stored for a long time, it is recommended to seal and store to prevent moisture absorption and clumping. If the product is found to have clumps or deterioration, it should be stopped in time.
-
Safety Protection: Although 2-methylimidazole is low in toxicity, personal protection is still necessary during use. Wear gloves, masks and goggles during operation to avoid contact between the skin and eyes. If you accidentally touch the skin or eyes, you should immediately rinse with a lot of clean water and seek medical treatment in time. In addition, 2-methylimidazole should be kept away from fire sources and heat sources to prevent fire accidents.
-
Waste treatment: 2-methylimidazole waste should be disposed of in accordance with local environmental regulations and must not be discarded at will. Disposable 2-methylimidazole can be disposed of by incineration or landfill, but it should be ensured that it complies with relevant environmental standards and avoid pollution to the environment.
Summary and Outlook
To sum up, the application of 2-methylimidazole as an efficient anti-aging additive in rubber seals has shown great potential. Through its unique chemical structure and multiple mechanisms of action, 2-methylimidazole can not only effectively inhibit the aging process of rubber materials, but also significantly improve the mechanical properties, thermal stability, chemical corrosion resistance and ultraviolet protection of seals. Whether it is direct kneading, surface coating, microencapsulation technology and nanocomposite material method, 2-methylimidazole can provide flexible and diverse solutions according to different application scenarios to meet the diversified needs of industrial production.
Research results at home and abroad show that the application of 2-methylimidazole in rubber seals has made significant progress, and the future development trend will move towards multifunctionalization, intelligence, green environmental protection and industrialization. . With the continuous innovation and improvement of technology, 2-methylimidazole will definitely play an important role in a wider field and promote the technological progress and industrial upgrading of the rubber seal industry.
Looking forward, we look forward to the application of 2-methylimidazole in rubber seals to usher in broader prospects. By continuously optimizing product performance, expanding application fields and reducing production costs, 2-methylimidazole is expected to become the core additive for the new generation of high-performance rubber seals, providing more reliable and durable sealing solutions for all industries. At the same time, we also call on more companies and scientific research institutions to increase their investment in research in 2-methylimidazole and jointly promote technological innovation and development in this field.
: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
Extended reading:https://www .bdmaee.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/FASCAT4233-catalyst-butyl-tin-mercaptan-FASCAT-4233.pdf
Extended reading:https://www.newtopchem.com/archives/40028
Extended reading:https://www.bdmaee.net/niax-c-8-tertiary-amine-catalysts-dimethylcyclohexylamine-momentive/
Extended reading:https://www.morpholine.org/category /morpholine/page/4/
Extended reading:https:/ /www.newtopchem.com/archives/category/products/page/25
Extended reading:https://www.bdmaee.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/New-generation-sponge-hardener.pdf
Extended reading: https://www.bdmaee.net/difyl-tin-bis-1-thioglycerol//br>
Extended reading:https://www.cyclohexylamine.net/ trimerization-catalyst-pc-41-triazine-catalyst/
Extended reading:https:// www.newtopchem.com/archives/39742
Extended reading:https:// www.bdmaee.net/foam-delay-catalyst/
Comments